On June 30th I posted something about what Pope Francis had said, that "I follow what the cardinals asked." You can review that post
HERE. Now
Sandro Magister of the blog Chiesa takes up the question from a fascinating different perspective. Does it have merit?
Vatican Diary / "I follow what the cardinals asked"
The strictures of the pre-conclave on Francis's governance.
Agreements connected to the election of a pope are illicit and invalid.
But the actual practice comes very close
by Sandro Magister
VATICAN CITY, July 1, 2014 – "I likewise forbid the Cardinals before the
election to enter into any stipulations, committing themselves of
common accord to a certain course of action should one of them be
elevated to the Pontificate. These promises too, should any in fact be
made, even under oath, I also declare null and void."
This is
established by the apostolic constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis,"
which regulates the election of the pope, issued by Saint John Paul II
in 1996 and still in effect.
Historically "stipulations" or
"electoral conditions" are defined as agreements among the cardinals
gathered in conclave that aim to bind the future pontiff to certain acts
that could restrict his freedom of action.
The first stipulation
recorded in history seems to have been that of 1352 at the council of
Avignon that saw the election of Innocent VI, who however declared it to
be invalid.
And in effect a number of popes, after their election, have renounced the pacts stipulated with their former fellow cardinals.
Pacts
that sometimes required the one elected to enact provisions for the
actual good of the Church, but in other cases responded to personal or
group interests. So that finally it was decided that they had to be
formally prohibited.
The prohibition went into effect with the
rules for conclaves promulgated by another canonized pope, Pius X, in
the 1904 apostolic constitution "Vacante Sede Apostolica" that stated:
"We
likewise prohibit that the cardinals, before proceeding with the
election, should agree to stipulations or establish anything by common
consensus, pledging to observe them if they are elevated to the
pontificate. Such things, if they should take place 'de facto,' even
under oath, we declare to be null and void."
This disposition -
which however does not provide any penalty for those who violate it, as
long as the new pope has full freedom with respect to these accords -
has been reiterated by all the subsequent documents on the conclave, up
to the one that, as we have seen, was issued by pope Karol Wojtyla.
Any
stipulations agreed upon before or during a conclave are therefore not
only formally prohibited as illicit, but are also practically
inefficacious, because the one elected would not be bound to respect
them even if he had agreed upon them.
In the accounts of recent
decades it is nonetheless recalled that at the conclave of 1958 some
cardinals of the Roman curia are alleged to have guaranteed that, in
case of election, Venice patriarch Angelo Roncalli would choose as his
secretary of state Monsignor Domenico Tardini. And this is what happened
on the very evening of the election of John XXIII.
In the
subsequent conclave of 1963 the central European cardinals are said to
have backed the candidacy of Milan cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini
with an "electoral condition" that included the continuation of the
Council.
It is however recounted that in 1978 Cardinal Giuseppe
Siri, if elected pope, would have to take into consideration the
proposal to guarantee the position of secretary of state for one of the
competing candidates, Cardinal Giovanni Benelli. While - also as the
story is told - Venice patriarch Albino Luciani would be elected pope,
as in fact took place, with the concomitant certainty that the dreaded
Benelli would not be appointed secretary.
In the conclave that
elected Jorge Mario Bergoglio it does not appear that there were any
formal or sworn agreements among the cardinals.
Nonetheless Pope
Francis has repeatedly professed himself to be bound by certain
guidelines presented by the cardinals in meetings before the conclave.
He
reiterated this recently in a more extensive manner than usual in the
June 29 interview given to Franca Giansoldati of "Il Messaggero.".
In it he said:
"On
the program [of ecclesiastical governance] I follow what the cardinals
asked during the general congregations before the conclave. I go in that
direction. The council of eight cardinals, an external organism,
emerged from there. It was requested to help in reforming the curia.
This moreover is not easy because there is a step forward but then it
emerges that this or that must be done, and if before there was one
dicastery there then become four. My decisions are the fruit of the
pre-conclave meetings. I have done nothing alone."
To the question of whether he had followed a "democratic approach" in this, the pope responded:
"They
have been the decisions of the cardinals. I do not know if it is a
democratic approach, I would call it more synodal, even if the word is
not appropriate for the cardinals.”
This is what pope Bergoglio
has said. Judging by the appearances, there has been no condition or
stipulation or call it what you will. But in essence the results have
been close.
And the council of eight cardinals that Francis created in obedience to this mandate has just met at the Vatican.
__________
English translation by
Matthew Sherry, Ballwin, Missouri, U.S.A.