It appears that Pope Francis recommended that a gay couple His Holiness had called, two men, who have three children (either adopted, artificial insemination, who knows, but the children are still children) have them baptized and a reared in the Church. His Holiness recommended they see their pastor (in Italy) and discuss the situation. The kids were enrolled in CCD and have become altar servers. You can read the NCR article HERE.
At two of my parishes where I had Catholic schools, we had children enrolled whose parents were gay couples, either lesbian or two males. The parents did not rock the boat. Their children were well behaved and no distinction was made with them and the other children in the two schools.
In one case, the grandparents made sure that their grandchild who had gay parents who were not interested in raising their child in the faith, took on that responsibility with the parent’s permission and cooperation.
We live in a different cultural context today with gay civil marriage and more and more highlighting a gay families in commercial, television shows and movies. Several guests on Wheel of Fortune indicate that they are married to same sex partners and no one blinks an eye. HGTV reality shows showcase gay couples looking for homes, renovating existing one or are the hosts. This is the new “normal.”
Thus, just as the institutional Church has to grapple with this new public reality endorsed by the secular and governmental leaders, the Church cannot come across as bigoted or hateful.
That is a delicate task, more of an art and certainly not a science in terms of pastoral responses.
And sins against charity, even when directed to public sinners, are still mortal sins. So sinners who throw stones at other sinners, whose only sin might be sodomy, whereas the stone thrower is a despicable character who name calls, cheats, steals but presents himself as a virtuous Catholic, Houston, we have a problem. There are no more serious or less serious mortal sins. All of them that the sinner is unrepentant can lead Jesus to condemning them to the eternal fires of hell. But only Jesus can do that, since He knows all the facts.
50 comments:
While there are no more or less serious mortal sins, the Church — or at least it’s anointed spokesmen — place much greater weight on some than others. In 50-plus years, I’ve never heard a sermon against racism or heard a priest tell us to vote against a racist candidate.
CK, you must be much, much, much younger than I am. In my humble parish in Augusta growing up, several priests spoke about the sin of racism and there were a few who challenged the "rich" parish on the hill about their membership in all white country clubs. Yes, that was in the late 60's and early 70's. I certainly heard it in homilies in the seminary. And I have preached it numerous times in my 40 years.
I have never told anyone for whom to vote and never heard any priest in my entire life preach that. Does it happen? Perhaps, but not my experience.
I know, though, some radical Catholics often called Traddies who think sodomy is the worst mortal sin in the world, yet they themselves are racists, call others despicable names and think that's okay and not a mortal sin. What rubbish!
And on top of that, I hear that sodomy is a favorite of many heterosexual couples, married or unmarried and there is no freaking out over it as they do when it concerns homosexuality. Sodomy is unnatural for both gay and straight people and perhaps especially grave when heterosexuals commit it when they have recourse to natural sex. However, I suspect it is best not to dwell on it for either gay or straight or one might be labeled with a voyeuristic mind.
Your experience is very, very limited. This, from your own Hilton Head backyard...
Stories have come to light since the election of Roman Catholic priests telling congregants who voted for Barack Obama that they need to go to confession before they can receive Communion.
"In Greenville, S.C., the Rev. Jay Scott Newman of St. Mary’s Church distributed a letter to parishioners advising them that they put their souls at risk if they voted for Obama.
“Voting for a pro-abortion politician when a plausible pro-life alternative exists constitutes material cooperation with intrinsic evil, and those Catholics who do so place themselves outside the full communion of Christ’s Church and under the judgment of divine law,” wrote Newman. “Persons in this condition should not receive Holy Communion until and unless they are reconciled to God in the Sacrament of Penance, lest they eat and drink their own condemnation.”
CK, aka, Frmjk, in recent I have no doubt about what you right in that regard, but why all of the sanctimony about Biden and it being a sin to vote for him when in fact we know that most Catholic priests and a goodly number of bishops and laity believe that voting for Trump is a mortal sin needing confession. And now we see a sort of "ethnic" cleansing taking place against not only Trump but his voters. Interesting.
"...in fact we know that most Catholic priests and a goodly number of bishops and laity believe that voting for Trump is a mortal sin needing confession."
That's a pretty big assumption.
What priests and bishop do you KNOW that think voting for Trump is a mortal sin? Name Them.
There will be no names because the answer is: ZERO. It's just another made up, hyperbolic, throw-away statement thrown into the mix because you can't come up with anything substantial to say.
There is no "ethnic ceansing" taking place regarding Trump or Trump voters. This is more hyperbole. What is taking place is a reasonable response against those who supported the president's attempt to overthrow the results of the election he lost BIGLY.
Actions have consequences. Trump and his supporters are have to re-learn that fact.
Let me see, FrMJK, in my backyard in the Savannah deanery, my former back yard in the Macon deanery, a few bishops maybe in the backyard of Illinois, Kentucky, Washington, DC, San Diego, New Jersey, just to name a few. I think too, Fr.James Martin, who would give sodomy a pass but not Trump. I sure others will chime in and about the political cleansing that the Democrats are performing on republicans.
Growing up in the 'spirit of v2' we didn't hear anything about sin one way or another. It was all pretty much do what you want and if you remember, every once in a while, tell Jesus your sorry lol. Priests didn't do their jobs then and it seems they are afraid to do their jobs now (delicate situation). It was 'neither do I condemn you, have a nice day'. And lets not forget the role that homosexual priests and the sex abuse scandal has played in this.
I think if a homosexual sincerely supports catechism for children then that is a good act. Hope is the critical component in that situation and helping that person come to grips with that which separates him from God. It appears that same sex attraction is powerful and disorienting for those people it afflicts. We should support them as we would any other addiction which includes helping them avoid acting on it.
I have heard plenty of sermons that admonished us to treat people of all races better to include access to housing, schools, etc. The trick seems to be to a avoid desensitizing the laity while addressing the concerns creatively.
And I was just reading Paul in the old Missal just the other day how the Church should have nothing to do with unrepentant sinners and that having them in their midst was no point of pride but of shame, and sure to cause nothing but strife.
But, the fact is, the Church and churches have been very selective in doing this, when done at all. And that "look the other way" in regards to wealthy members and how their wealth obtained and how they spend their lives, and adulterers, and too many other classes of sinners, has bore its expected fruit of indifference to sin.
This is not a swipe at the innocent children, but there can be no denying the fact that the adults with whom they live are sinners, and their presence there WILL tamp down preaching the truth lest someone's feelings be hurt, to include teaching own children at home, lest one's own child point out to children of.parents living in open sin that their parents are not living as the Church teaches. It leads to suppression of speaking the truth. It leads to diplomacy trumping truth and leads to truth only being spoken at home in low whispers lest someone else take offense, as if something of which to be ashamed.
And offense there would be...let little Johnny dare tell another child that their parents are living in sin, and both little Johnny AND Johnny's parents will BOTH get a talking to by principal and priest which will leave them shamed and humiliated and perhaps even threatened with "don't let it happen again, or else"...
When it seems to me that such talks should be saved for the sinful parents.
We are back in the 70's which inspired a Jewish psychiatrist, Dr. Meninger, to write a book titled, Whatever begin of Sin.
But I disagree, the immediate post Vatican II Church heaped much guilt on Catholics concerning social justice, feeding the poor, racism, war, and the like, most of which most Catholics were not directly responsible. But when it came to things of direct responsibility, especially below the belt, nothing was said.
But let's get back to Trump. Would the democrats be unhinged if Trump had remained a Democrat, the likes of Hilary and Bill Clinton hobnobbing with him like prostitutes looking for his support and money? What if Trump the Democrat had been like Trump the Republican except he railed against Republicans and their swamp rather than democrats.
How would he be treated today, if the same thing happened on Capitol hill and he was a democrat. I can just imagine.
The problem with Rev. Newman's letter is that he says a plausible pro-life candidate existed. Who? What Republican president has actually stood up for the unborn in a meaningful way? I'm repeatedly told Trump is the most pro-life President of all time, yet I've heard of no major limits being placed on abortion or reduction in the killing. It'll be interesting to see if, after Biden's first term, the number of abortions will follow the same pattern it has for a while - with sharper declines under the Democrat than under the supposedly pro-life Republican.
Honest question: When people are actually dying, do we as Catholics vote for who says the right thing or who does the right thing? If the choice were between legal abortion under the Democrats or illegal abortion under the Republicans, I would vote for the Republicans no matter what even though they are otherwise awful. However, it seems to me the choice we have is legal abortion under a pro-choice Democrat where babies die at lower rates or legal abortion under a pro-life Republican where babies die at higher rates.
You've named no one, as I predicted. Seems I am the clairvoyant one.
Why do you post such drivel? Do you REALLY think that no one sees through this garbage?
As long as spinning off into unequal responses to the riots, what would have happened had an unarmed black woman been shot?
We have heard NOTHING now from media...zero pursuit of case as the media wants this suppressed as distracting from their narrative as to how much worse were THESE rioters over others.
Suppressed to the point they all seem to be tacitly ignoring what seems to be the case that the officer who fired the shot committed suicide (another tragedy from that day) once an investigation was announced. And do NOT tell me this was in respect to the grieving family, as CBS released the news the additional cop death was suicide, and the suicide was the part most likely to be the part a family would wish not be publicized.
They simply want the entire shooting to fade from memory, where they would be screaming still for blood had it been anyone but a Trump.supporter.
I don’t think any of those anti-racism sermons in Macon. I remember the good father railing against numerous TV shows and spending a good 15 minutes slamming Target because their holiday ads didn’t mentioned Christmas. But attacking racism in a small Southern town? Never.
Daniel, all lies, I was there 12 years and I doubt if you attended every Sunday Mass I preached as we have one or sometime two other parochial vicars. I had African parochial vicar for two or three years and under my pastorate, the first black woman to be the president of the pastoral council. And 15 minutes on Target's Christmas Ad? Silly indeed, as I only preach 7 minutes at the most and never make my homily about one social issue only, most of my homily is about Jesus and his Commands. No brag, just fact.
Why get back to Trump? Your diatribe was about homosexuality. If you want to associate Trump with it you should mention he was very pro homosexual rights. What the homosexuals and liberal catholics didn't like was that he was also a stalwart for religious liberty that protected the Catholic Church's right to proclaim Jesus' pro life teachings on marriage and the family....oh and he hated abortion too.
Don't you think the homosexual priest abuse scandal has played a part in some priests aversion to calling out the sins that attack marriage and the family? For example we heard a lot from the bishops going against President Trump's immigration policy but nary a peep from them when the left redefined marriage.
I remember Father Dawid going off the "cancer of homosexuality," whew, no one fell asleep during that sermon.
Wasn’t there for the homily but certainly heard about later! But then he did a great job speaking on a panel on it at Mercer and was very pastoral but solid.
The notion that there is a disconnect between "one social issue only" and "Jesus and his commands" is nothing to brag about.
Those commands, by their nature, are meant to influence "one social issue" or many.
"Love your neighbor" is a command, but what does it look like in terms of unavailable low income housing in your neighborhood.
"When someone slaps you on one cheeck, turn and offer the other" is a command, but what does it say to the rush to executions carried out by this administration and the Catholic Attorney General.
"If someone take your cloak, give him your shirt as well" is a command, but are we to ignore what this says to the social issue of providing for the needy?
Fact.
Dear Father -- lies? Please. If I say I never remember you sermonizing on that topic, then I don't.
Maybe you sang the praises of Rev. Martin Luther King every MLK Day at the 7 a.m. Monday Mass. If so, bravo. But I never heard such a sermon.
And I never called you a racist, I only said I never heard you preach on the subject. So the fact that the diocese assigned you African seminarians is neither here nor there. Your private feelings are your own, best left between you and your conscience.
Nor have I accused any priest of being a racist (although I've met a couple I had severe doubts about). But I understand that parish priests are encouraged to toe the company line, and in most Southern dioceses, lecturing conservative whites (typically our most enthusiastic donors) is absolutely NOT the company line.
As for Target, I'll admit I probably exaggerated. Maybe it just seemed like 15 minutes.
Sophia here: Way to go Father McDonald and others here who are willing to speak out boldly against all manner of falsehoods being spewed here sometimes because the writer is ignorant of the facts, but undoubtedly quite often, out of alliance with an ideology which achieves deadly power by exalting the State over the primacy of God and His laws- even His natural laws. Critical Theory and it's centerpiece Critical Race Theory enforced by Political Correctness will be mandated in public schools across the Nation-some states are already teaching this. How long before it will be imposed on private schools (or they will be shamed into thinking they have to adopt it)?
An expansion of Abortion laws which mimic the extreme ones in NY and VA to all states across the Nation cannot possibly lead to fewer abortions-that can only be true if you are using Critical Race Theory Math. You always get more of a behavior you encourage, legalize. For a relatively recent example check out the States which legalized pot! Usage increased not only in those States but in adjacent ones.
Daniel my comment did not say you said I was a racist. You wrote this:
Daniel said...
I don’t think any of those anti-racism sermons in Macon. I remember the good father railing against numerous TV shows and spending a good 15 minutes slamming Target because their holiday ads didn’t mentioned Christmas. But attacking racism in a small Southern town? Never.
That statement is what is a lie pure and simple. Did you go to every homily I gave on Sundays and weekday Masses, or ever read everyone of my bulletin letters. No you haven’t, but you have the audacity to say, “”attacking racism in a small souther town? Never.” That’s a lie, pure and simple.
Gestures speak louder than words. My first two years in Macon as a seminarian, a deacon and a priest were at St. Peter Claver. My next assignment was St. Teresa’s in Albany from 80 to 85. That parish at the time a parish that included a closed black parish there, St. Clare’s.
I was 14 years at the Church of the Most Holy Trinity where I hired the first ever lay principal of Immaculate Conception School, a 99% black school and she was a black Catholic from our parish which was integrated . I am not aware of any black principal in any of our diocesan or private schools in our diocese, but correct me if i am wrong.
You lie Daniel and the biggest lie is that I spoke about a Target commercial for 15 minutes. Balderdash. If you were an honest person, you would repent and apologize to me. Thank you.
Sophia here:
I am a Black woman so I already assumed I was allowed to criticize the prevailing narrative re Institutionalized Racism. I'll paraphrase what I said. We do have a history of Institutionalized racism in this country- instituted by Democrats. Since the 60's, however we have been dismantling that. At the present time we have come so far with Affirmative Action, Diversity and Inclusivity policies etc. that these are the only policies which are currently institutionalized for Corporate and Government hiring and promotions, for Admissions and employment in Universities for example. We are definitely at the other extreme-meritocracy, qualifications, competence, character, White straight, Christian males are out. Melanin (which accounts for skin color) content is in! President-Elect Biden's selection to head the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department, Kristen Clarke embodies this Institutionalized policy. She has declared that Blacks are superior to Whites physically as well as mentally precisely because of melanin! To further their agenda of sowing discord and hatred against the actual minority-White straight, Christian males, the narrative of persistent Racism in Institutions is often bolstered by the endless showing in the media of the very painful- but in actuality a miniscule number of- examples of White police using excessive force against Black suspects. However, they totally refuse to report that a disproportionately high percentage (52%) of violent crimes are actually perpetrated by Black males who are a disproportionately low percentage of society. There will be a disproportionate number of interactions between the police and Black suspects not because of their high melanin content but because of their behavior. Unfortunately some of these interactions have the potential to end very, very badly-with the death of the suspect or more often the death of the police officer! It would be logical to address the reasons for the interactions rather than push the false narrative of racism being the cause. But since the objective is to further an ideology, they don't do that. Notice how the media seldom tell us the names, let alone show us videos, of Whites killed in altercations with police? Racism,(as well as homophobia, xenophobia and all sorts of misapplication of the term "phobia") is being used as a cudgel to achieve an ideological end! Bigotry exists in people of all "races"! I have met, have worked with, and have known-even a few in my extended family- Black Bigots! Bigotry which is an example of sinfulness is part of the human condition but it ought not to be elevated to a position of dominance and encoded into law regardless of the melanin content of the sinners! President-Elect Biden has just declared his preference that Covid relief for small businesses will be distributed based on melanin content and/or genitalia of the business owners. Guess which business owners will be excluded? If you said White males you would be correct! Let us hope that there are at least a few Democrats, since they are in the majority in Congress, who will oppose this.
Big time Prayers for our Nation and our Holy Mother Church!
Thank you Sophia, one of my beat St. Joseph parishioners! God bless you!
Not beat, best!!!
"I am a Black woman so I already assumed I was allowed to criticize the prevailing narrative re Institutionalized Racism."
Your race gives you no higher standing to criticize ANYTHING.
Does your race give you greater insight and non-Blacks? No.
Does your race give you greater capacity for understanding history than non-Blacks? No.
Does your race endow you with greater wisdom than non-Blacks? No.
Gotta love the drama about a target ad!
True, but there was a handful of St. Joseph parishioners unhinged over me and Daniel reflects. Funny though I remember that Target commercial as does Danny because you know what? It was memorable!
Anonymous 3:08:
Yes, African Americans have a greater understanding of racism, because generally they encounter it in their daily lives and live with it for their entire lives.
Most white folks, on the other hand, can either ignore it or remain blissfully ignorant, like something that may or may not happen to other types of people in some foreign land. Or pretend that it's something that went away when Lincoln freed the slaves.
That's what they call white privilege.
It's something like telling your wife (I'm making the grand assumption that you're married) that you understand everything there is to know about life as a woman. just try that at home, I tell ya.
Father, if I say, I don't remember you preaching on a given topic, then you can believe I don't. No lie, no apology.
If you preached against racism, good for you & i respect you for that.
I will, if your feelings are hurt, apologize for saying you preached for 15 minutes on a different topic.
As I said, hyperbole, not a lie. In point of fact, I realize you likely preached somewhere between 1 and 7 minutes, which of course is a big difference.
I will repent and endeavor to always get my facts straight in the future, while hoping others here do the same.
Contritely yours,
"Yes, African Americans have a greater understanding of racism..."
I would say they have a different understanding. But saying "My race" make my understanding superior to yours (you of a different race) is "Race Card" central.
Imagine a non-Black person saying to a Black person: "My race make my understanding of (fill in the blank) superior to your because you are Black."
Would that fly?
Trump Impeached Again. HOO-HA.
Ho hum! Twice in a year. It is as common as bottled water now. As there ever been a conviction though. Maybe unhinged republicans will try for that in the next 8 years with Biden before he resigns it has the 25th against him due to dementia and then on to Harris. Competition is good.
Jaxk, old boy, in case you did not hear me last time, try harder.
The impeachment show is a huge waste of time and mine and yours tax dollars which is likely going to go nowhere due to protected free speech which SCOTUS WILL uphold, and meanwhile...
Remember the appointment of officials for functional givernment, virus response and relief, and a few other more trifles seem a bit more important than a show trial, considering the sitting President has how many days left, and were he to attempt any rash and unilateral decisions, nobody would pay him any attention, anyhow.
But, you go ahead and do your macarena dance and send your regular donation to your favorite church, CNN....be sure to protest unarmed female rioters being shot by police on your way out the door.
Things conservative priests like to preach about:
Lust
Voting for Democrats
Gay marriage
The media
Target
Things conservative priests don’t line to preach about
Racism
Rampant materialism
Poverty
Trump worship
You left our wreckovated churches and the liturgy.
Anonymous @ 8:42 PM That's a poor attempt at sarcasm.
Priests that have been assigned to my parish have spoken on what is in Scripture,which covers everything and provides the answers for all our sinfulness and woes. What more do priests, conservative and otherwise, need to preach on?
I recall numerous surveys that have been taken showing that a majority Catholics who attend Mass weekly (Sunday) are more conservative than those who attend infrequently or not at all, and that those who attend more than once a week, or even daily are even more so. More devoted the Catholics are = higher proportion of conservatives.
I figure I'm in good company and will stay there.
Sophia here: Hi Father. Thanks for very kind-but not totally deserved words. We are definitely members of a "mutual admiration society". Just today I was speaking with another of your dear Parishioners after our MM Novena. I shared with her one of the most serious topics that had ever come up in our Sunday "Coffee and Conversation" discussions and how much more likely it is that such a scenario would arise under the incoming Administration. I still miss those discussions.
Now about my second comment above: For the record, my introductory sentence in my second comment-
"I am a Black woman so I already assumed I was allowed to criticize the prevailing narrative re Institutionalized Racism" was sarcastic and intended to be provocative since some on this blog have actually criticized persons who cannot possibly have first hand experience of an issue for commenting on the issue. I do not subscribe to such an idiotic perspective! Anonymous @ 3:08 and Anonymous @ 4:51 we are in agreement on that. In a blog topic some time ago a certain anonymous (I won't mention the person's #) actually criticized someone else (evidently a male) on this blog for expressing an anti-abortion comment even though he was not a woman. Obviously that is absurd. That's when I first used the expression that according to that criteria, since I was a member of that group (women) I had this person's permission to make negative comments about abortion! Then as now, I was being sarcastic and provocative!
Anonymous 3:08 PM commenting on a comment...
"I am a Black woman so I already assumed I was allowed to criticize the prevailing narrative re Institutionalized Racism."
Your race gives you no higher standing to criticize ANYTHING.
Does your race give you greater insight and non-Blacks? No.
Does your race give you greater capacity for understanding history than non-Blacks? No.
Does your race endow you with greater wisdom than non-Blacks? No.
__________________________________________________________________________
This is what I like about this blog-some of the good insightful comments we get from conservatives.
The "rich" parish on the Hill? The use of quotation marks suggests maybe it is not so rich, but I have heard that parish at 1420 Monte Sano Avenue is the wealthiest in the Diocese of Savannah. But maybe not for too much longer as more Catholics settle in adjoining Columbia County and go to St. Teresa of Avila.
I suppose the reference to "all white country clubs" refers in particular to the one on Milledge Road that borders the course best known as "the National"?
"I'm repeatedly told Trump is the most pro-life President of all time, yet I've heard of no major limits being placed on abortion or reduction in the killing"
Umm...sir,ma'am, we have something called courts which almost always strike down even the most minimal restrictions on abortion.
"When people are actually dying, do we as Catholics vote for who says the right thing or who does the right thing?'
With the election of Mr. Biden I will say no.
"However, it seems to me the choice we have is legal abortion under a pro-choice Democrat where babies die at lower rates or legal abortion under a pro-life Republican where babies die at higher rates."
Sir, ma'am, can I make some suggestions? Look up and read about the Mexico City policy and also subscribe to Human Life International's newsletter, or get on their email list. this will be a good start but you can branch out from there. Infants dying from abortion in other countries with help from American money count to.
Any Catholic priest who looks at the Trump cult and doesn’t see a moral cesspool has lost their compass. Sometimes, to lead, you have to tell people what they don’t want to hear.
A@11:48, I did fail to give the name of the now defrocked and deceased priest who chastised St. Mary on the Hill parishioners about social justice and racism. It was none other than Wayland Brown, if you know who the late Brown is and was. Social justice warriors often have their own personal demons completely out of control but hidden until these come to light.
And he of course was a product of a very liberal seminary in Washington DC where he also wrecked havoc and went to prison around 2004 for but one charge of a string of charges he would eventually experience and die in prison. He was a typical 1970’s chastiser of the rich.
A@6:37, your words are heartening. I know you will now no longer support Biden who endorse the genocide of children under the misnomer of pro-choice. He also allows for partial birth murder in the 9th month. He advocates for gender ideology, a truly moral cesspool that will destroy the mental lives of many children, teenager and young adults. And he’s in favor of euthanasia.
And priest or lay person who looks to Biden (who disguises his party’s cult of death, and doesn’t see a moral cesspool, has lost their compass. Sometimes, to lead, you have to tell people what they don’t want to hear. Truer words about Biden ever spoken. Thank you.
"Social justice warriors often have their own personal demons completely out of control but hidden until these come to light."
So do Traddie Warriors, for example, Rev. Eduard Perrone, to name just one.
And untraddie warrior Chicago's Fr. Pfleger removed over sex abuse allegation.
The young Father May is the best teaching priest I’ve heard in years as he actually teaches the gospel. We need a hundred thousand young Father May’s across our sick Godless nation.
Father McDonald I still respect you as some of your post are clear, but you fail to recognize the disgust that so many of us have for what has happened to our church and to pretend it can be reformed is almost comical. Like our nation it will require divine intervention to put the ship upright again. Though I honestly belief Our Lord has other plans.
We need a modern St. athanasius or St. Damian but they won’t come in this age.
Dear Father,
I am (not frequent) viewer of your blog from Poland. I really appreciate your approach to be a normal priest i.e. living in the ‘normal’ hierarchical Church but also benefiting from large and unchanging Tradition. For me, that’s the only reasonable way of living this life.
I would like to know what you mean by ‘sins against charity’. Maybe it’s the problem of how I should translate this terminology into Polish. I’ve never heard these sins are mortal so I would like to know what sins they are. Are you referring to the Catechism n. 2094?
Maybe it’s unusual question but thank you for your response.
All the best,
Miłosz form Poland
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